Linux Commands | Sekolah Linux Indonesia

Posts Tagged ‘Linux Commands’

Linux Tutorial for Beginner

Posted by Abu Syams on October 19th, 2010

Hello, are you looking for linux tutorial? whether you an expert or beginner every people who wants to learn linux will search for linux tutorial. Many source offering linux tutorial, you can get an e-book or printed material yes, you find it very useful.

As a beginner you may want to read your linux man page as the first source you need to operate your new operating system. Man page will provide you with basic linux commands and expert linux commands. This list of linux commands will help you to run and operate your new linux. No mater what kind of distribution you like you will always find it useful.

Another way to get linux tutorial is by attending linux training or linux seminar, you can also buy Linux books or video to watch and learn. Don't worry about your new operating system as this is more stable than the other operating system. You should join to mailing list or forum to broaden your network and gaining more information about linux.

Basic Linux Commands With Man Pages for Beginner

Posted by Abu Syams on October 15th, 2010

Here are some basic commands to get you started in the wonderful world of Linux and other UNIX variants. All of these commands should work from your command prompt (regardless which shell you’re using).You MUST press enter to invoke the command.All UNIX and Linux commands are case sensitive. There are of course thousands of Linux related commands and procedures.

You can also execute multiple commands by separating each one with a ; for example cd newdir; mkdir thatdir ; ls -la will first change directories to the newdir directory, then create a directory called thatdir, then list all the files in long format. You can string together as many commands as you like but caution should be used not to inadvertently do anything harmful.

If you think some thing need to be added to this list let me know.

access determine whether a file can be accessed

Syntax

access -mode file

For more options and how to use check access man page

alias define or display aliases

Syntax

alias [alias-name[=string] ]

For more options and how to use check alias man page

bg run jobs in the background

Syntax

bg [job_id ...]

For more options and how to use check bg man page

cal displays a calendar

Syntax

cal [-smjy13 ] [[ month ] year ]

For more options and how to use check cal man page

cd change directories

Use cd to change directories. Type cd followed by the name of a directory to access that directory.Keep in mind that you are always in a directory and can navigate to directories hierarchically above or below.

Syntax

cd [-L | -P] [directory]

For more options and how to use check cd man page

chown change file owner and group

Syntax

chown [OPTION] OWNER[:[GROUP]] FILE

chown [OPTION] :GROUP FILE

chown [OPTION] reference=RFILE FILE

For more options and how to use check chown man page

chmod change file access permissions

Syntax

chmod [-r] permissions filenames

Options

r Change the permission on files that are in the subdirectories of the directory that you are currently in. permission Specifies the rights that are being granted. Below is the different rights that you can grant in an alpha numeric format.filenames File or directory that you are associating the rights with Permissions

u User who owns the file.

g Group that owns the file.

o Other.

a All.

r Read the file.

w Write or edit the file.

x Execute or run the file as a program.

Numeric Permissions:

CHMOD can also to attributed by using Numeric Permissions:

400 read by owner

040 read by group

004 read by anybody (other)

200 write by owner

020 write by group

002 write by anybody

100 execute by owner

010 execute by group

001 execute by anybody

For more options and how to use check chmod man page

cp Copy files and directories

Syntax

cp [OPTION] SOURCE DEST
cp [OPTION] SOURCE DIRECTORY
cp [OPTION] target-directory=DIRECTORY SOURCE

Options

cp myfile yourfile

Copy the files myfile to the file yourfile in the current working directory. This command will create the file yourfile if it doesn’t exist. It will normally overwrite it without warning if it exists.

cp -i myfile yourfile

With the -i option, if the file yourfile exists, you will be prompted before it is overwritten.

cp -i /data/myfile

Copy the file /data/myfile to the current working directory and name it myfile . Prompt before overwriting the file.

cp -dpr srcdir destdir

Copy all files from the directory srcdir to the directory destdir preserving links (-poption), file attributes (-p option), and copy recursively (-r option). With these options, a directory and all it contents can be copied to another dir

For more options and how to use check cp man page

clear Clears the terminal screen.

Syntax

clear

For more options and how to use check clear man page

cmp Compares two files, reporting all discrepancies. Similar to the diff command, though the output format differs.

Syntax

cmp [-clsv] [-i NUM] [--help] [--print-chars] [--ignore-initial=NUM] [--verbose] [--quiet] [--silent] [--version] -I FILE1 [FILE2 [RANGE1 [RANGE2]]]

For more options and how to use check cmp man page

cat – Sends file contents to standard output. This is a way to list the contents of short files to the screen. It works well with piping.

Syntax

cat [OPTION] [FILE]

For more options and how to use check cat man page

diff find differences between two files

Syntax

diff [options] from-file to-file

For more options and how to use check diff man page

dmesg Prints the messages resulting from the most recent system boot.

Syntax

dmesg [ -c ] [ -n level ] [ -s bufsize ]

For more options and how to use check dmesg man page

du estimate file space usage

Syntax

du [OPTION] [FILE]

For more options and how to use check du man page

df report filesystem disk space usage

Syntax

df [OPTION] [FILE]

For more options and how to use check df man page

exit – cause the shell to exit

syntax

exit [n]

For more options and how to use check exit man page

eject eject removable media

Syntax

eject -h
eject [-vnrsfqp] []
eject [-vn] -d
eject [-vn] -a on|off|1|0 []
eject [-vn] -c slot []
eject [-vn] -t []
eject [-vn] -x []
eject -V

For more options and how to use check eject man page

fuser identify processes using files or sockets

Syntax

fuser [-a|-s|-c] [-4|-6] [-n space] [-k [-i] [-signal] ] [-muvf] name
fuser -l
fuser -V

For more options and how to use check fuser man page

fsck check and repair a Linux file system

Syntax

fsck [ -sACVRTNP ] [ -t fstype ] filesys [ ... ] [--] [ fsck-options ]

For more options and how to use check fsck man page

fdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux

Syntax

fdisk [-u] [-b sectorsize] [-C cyls] [-H heads] [-S sects] device
fdisk -l [-u] device
fdisk -s partition
fdisk -v

For more options and how to use check fdisk man page

fg run jobs in the foreground

Syntax

fg [job_id]

For more options and how to use check fg man page

file determine file type

Syntax

file [ -bciknsvzL ] [ -f namefile ] [ -m magicfiles ] file
file -C [ -m magicfile ]

For more options and how to use check file man page

find search for files in a directory hierarchy

Syntax

find [path...] [expression]

For more options and how to use check find man page

finger Prints descriptions of the specified users.

Syntax

finger [-lmsp ] [user ... ] [user@host ... ]

For more options and how to use check finger man page

free Displays the amount of used and free system memory.

Syntax

free [-b | -k | -m] [-o] [-s delay ] [-t] [-V]

For more options and how to use check free man page

ftp A File Transfer Protocol client

Syntax

ftp hostname or ipaddress

For more options and how to use check ftp man page

grep, egrep, fgrep print lines matching a pattern

Syntax

grep [options] PATTERN [FILE...]
grep [options] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE] [FILE...]

For more options and how to use check grep, egrep, fgrep man page

head output the first part of files

Syntax

head [OPTION] [FILE]

For more options and how to use check head man page

history Manipulate the history list

Syntax

history option arg arg

For more options and how to use check history man page

use the ! option. To automatically re-display the last command you typed at the prompt, type: !! and press enter. Press again to invoke the command. You can also automatically re-display a command you typed earlier by using the ! and the first few letters of the command. Find more Linux Commands here.

Linux Commands Training Quick Tips

Posted by Abu Syams on November 29th, 2009

: Image via Wikipedia

Regular Ubuntu Linux Users and the (Lack of Use of the) root User

When you install Ubuntu Linux, you create a user, which is the “first” user and you can also create more users if you need to. When you create the “first” user, you assign this user a password – and this one is very important! This is the first thing linux administrators should do.

It is required to log in to the desktop (at the Linux GUI login prompt) as the “regular” (non-root) user – and this password is also required to be able to do the equivalent of logging in as the root user – when you’re working at the Linux prompt a terminal emulation window on the desktop.

By default, the root use is not “enabled” (not available) in Ubuntu and so you can’t log in as this user – which is an innovative thing – as it stops anyone from logging in to the desktop as this user – which should never be done!

Example of Running the Linux sudo Command – To Start Working as the root User

You type in: sudo -i and then press Enter to change from working as a “regular” user to working as (the equivalent of) the root user in Ubuntu (and variations or derivatives, such as Kubuntu – see more on this further below).

And then you provide the password of the first user that was created on the system. After running the Linux sudo command, the prompt changes from a dollar sign to a number or hash sign (press Shift 3). To “go back” to working as a “regular”, run the exit command by entering the command name and pressing the Enter key.

This Linux version has its own “derivatives” (variations), and many of these end in “ubuntu”, such as Kubuntu.

Linux Commands Training Tips:

The Ubuntu distro uses the GNOME desktop by default and Kubuntu uses the KDE desktop by default.

Ubuntu Linux and it’s derivatives are some of the few distributions that require the use of the sudo command with the -i option as shown above – as opposed to using the su command with the – “dash” option and then typing in the password of the root user.

And now I would like to offer you free access to my Linux Commands Training Mini-Course, which you can access it in this site where you can explore more about ubuntu commands.

This site not only dedicated for ubuntu linux only, there is many things that you should know about linux distribution. The good things about linux is free you can download any distro you like and installed in your machine.

Priyo Wibowo | IT consultant

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