There are currently four programs that enable people to become certified as Linux Systems Administrators. These programs are offered by the Computing Technology Industry Association, the Linux Professional Institute, the Novell Corporation, and Red Hat, Inc. The first two are professional industry associations whose certification programs do not depend on any specific Linux distribution. Novell and Red Hat Linux certifications are closely associated with their popular Linux distributions. Should you wish to prepare for either of these two certifications you will definitely need access to their Linux version.

What’s involved in obtaining a Linux Certification? You must pass one or more extensive tests that demonstrate your prowess in dealing with the typical and some atypical problems faced by Linux systems administrators. The test is designed to validate the knowledge of individuals with a minimum of six to twelve months of practical Linux experience not just for those who only learn linux without practice. We’ll take a closer look at the CompTIA Linux+™ Certification, the one often recommended as the first certification for people new to Linux. This certification does not apply to any specific Linux version. According to the Computing Technology Industry Association, linux administrator professionals achieving the CompTIA Linux+ certification can explain fundamental management of Linux systems from the command line, demonstrate knowledge of user administration, understand file permissions, software configurations such as linux mount, and management of Linux-based clients, server systems, and security.

The Linux+ certification is a basic, entry-level certification for Linux system administrators. It is intended for people with six-months experience installing, operating and maintaining Linux operating systems. To achieve Linux+ certification, candidates must pass the 98 question Linux+ exam which covers seven areas: Planning and Implementation; Installation; Configuration; Administration; System Maintenance; Troubleshooting; and Identify, Install and Maintain System Hardware. This multiple-choice exam costs about $232 and is a good starting point for those who want to continue with other Linux certifications including those from Novell and Red Hat.

Why would anybody want to start preparing Linux certification on a limited version of Linux? The answer is simple – certification is not to be taken lightly. Don’t make a major financial and time investment unless you know that you really want to be certified and that you possess the required skill set. It’s not hard to find schools that promise you success in Linux certification and in any of their course offerings. But Linux certification may not be for you. Don’t make a major certification investment only to find that it wasn’t what you had in mind. Work your way through my tutorials including the suggestions for going further. Get your hands on a variety of Linux books. I would start with books designed for learning Linux and for running Linux systems before working with Linux certification books.

Don’t be satisfied with running computer exercises in your mind, and nodding your head at the appropriate times. To succeed you must do the exercises on a computer running Linux. Since installation is a component of all Linux Certification exams don’t stint on installing several versions of Linux on your computer. An external USB hard drive is not very expensive. Try to make friends with someone who knows better than you how to do things. Ask a lot of questions. And good luck!

Priyo Wibowo | IT Consultan

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The Default Linux File Systems (Filesystems)

The default filesystems that are recognized by Linux are specified in the text file named filesystems in the /proc directory.

Four of the filesystems that are commonly found on a Linux system are: ext2 (old and less common), ext3 (very common), iso9660 and swap.

Some Linux distributions also use other filesystems.

For example, instead of the ext3 filesystem, the SUSE and openSUSE distributions use the reiserfs filesystem by default.

In addition to the above linux filesystems, by default Linux can also recognize a partition that is a “swap” partition.

Depending on the documentation that you are reading and the command or utility that you are using, “swap” is not typically considered to be a filesystem type. It is a type of partition that is treated by the OS as virtual memory (where hard disk storage space works as though it is RAM memory).

The following is a description of some of the commonly used Linux filesystems.

ext2 (second extended filesystem) supports UNIX/Linux files and directories and allows for long file names (up to 255 characters).

ext3 (third extended filesystem) is the current default filesystem for Red Hat, Fedora and many other Linux distributions. The ext3 filesystem is on the way to becoming the de facto standard for Linux.

ext3 is based on the previous ext2 filesystem. It is basically the same as ext2, with the main difference being that ext3 supports a feature called “journalling”. The greatest benefit of this feature is that it provides a quicker recovery when a filesystem “crash” occurs and a system goes “down” (and stops working).

If files are corrupted on a partition using ext2, then the Linux fsck (filesystem check) utility is run to check the filesystem and repair it and this can take a very long time.

When the files on an ext3 filesystem become corrupted, then the fsck utility is still run to check and repair the filesystem, but this takes much less time due to the journalling feature of ext3.

vfat is the Linux filesystem that is compatible with DOS file names and Windows long file names. In some Linux utilities, “vfat” appears as “fat” or “fat32″.

iso9660 is the filesystem used on a CD-ROM.

swap (a.k.a. Linux swap partition, swap drive, swap space) is a disk partition that is used by the Linux OS as “virtual memory”. Linux uses the disk space that you have specified for the swap drive as though it were RAM (memory chips in your system).

The Linux filesystem type concepts and definitions covered here apply to: Ubuntu, Debian, Red Hat, Fedora, SUSE, Slackware, openSUSE – and ALL other Linux distributions.

If you are want to become Linux administrator then you like to know more about linux mount as well.

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The Linux mount command is used to mount a filesystem by assigning a mount point (such as a directory below the /mnt directory) to a hard disk partition or other disk device, such as a CD-ROM drive.

After the partition or device has been mounted, it can be accessed by application Linux software programs, utilities and commands.

Example of Using the Linux mount Command

For example, the following command:

$ mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom causes the device file named cdrom in the /dev directory to be mounted “onto” the cdrom directory below /mnt.

The cdrom directory becomes the “mount point” for the CD and this allows you to access the filesystem of the CD.

The files in the / (root) directory of the CD become accessible below the full path of /mnt/cdrom.

Listing the Contents of the Linux /dev System Directory Below The / (Root) Directory

Many of the important Linux system directories, such as the /dev directory, are located directly below the / (root) directory.

Now look at the contents of the /dev directory and find out what Linux uses it for.

Examples of Using the Linux ls Command to the List System Directories and the /dev Directory

The following command lists the contents of the / directory – from any directory. The “-l” option of the ls command is not required here.

$ ls / Notice the dev directory, which is below the / (root) directory in the full path of /dev.

Viewing the Contents (Directories and Files) in the /dev Directory Path

Now run the following command to see the contents of the /dev directory, without having to change directory.

$ ls /dev Example of Using the Linux nl Command To Number Lines of Output

The Linux nl (number line) command can be used to count and display the number of lines in a file or the output of a command.

In the folloinwg example, the output of the ls command is “piped” (with the vertical bar symbol) to the nl command to display a count of the output of the command.

$ ls -l /dev | nl This shows the device driver files for many different types of Linux hardware devices that are located in /dev and a count of the number of them.

Linux Commands Training Tips: On more current Linux systems, the mount command may not be required and your devices may automatically mount below the /media directory. For example, if you put a CD in your drive and it automatically appears on your Linux desktop, you do not need to use the mount command to do the steps in the command example above. The Linux ls command and dev system directory concepts covered here apply to ALL Linux distributions and versions, including Ubuntu, openSUSE, Debian, SUSE, Fedora, Slackware and Red Hat Linux.

By the way…do you want to learn exactly how to use Linux and run Linux commands for Linux System Administration and get real, practical Linux training experience by running hundreds of examples of Linux commands? Stay tune as I add more about Linux.

Introduction to Linux

Linux is an Open source operating system that widely use by many user. Linux known as open source operating system that means you can download all the source code and write your own. By using open source technic or copy left, linux by itself becoming more and more famous.Many people around the world helping each other to make linux a better operating system.

Until now linux development is still going on. We can see so many linux variant each one has their own power to their users. For example many student rely their PC on linux since the cost of operating system license is too expensive. Many company start migrating their systems toLinux environment as it is more stable and cheaper.

Organization use Linux as Server operating systems, desktop and many more. For network systems we use to protect network by using it as firewall and proxy server, and we also use it for bandwidth management so we can manage users bandwidth while accessing internet.

Linux is also been use as email server and database server, it’s cheap and reliable. Many major company rely their business on Linux system as it fast and cheap. Organization gain more benefit while moving their system to linux. For office productivity there is open office application that can be used to boost users productivity so they can keep productive as while they are using other Operating system.

Priyo Wibowo | IT Consultant

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